Magnetically Actuated Reciprocating Motor and Process Using Reverse Magnetic Switching

ABSTRACT

A magnetically actuated reciprocating motor utilizes the stored energy of permanent magnets and an electromagnetic field to reciprocally drive a magnetic actuator. A converting mechanism converts the reciprocating motion of the magnetic actuator to power a work object. A solenoid, comprising a nonferromagnetic spool having a tubular center section with a coil of wire wrapped around the center section, is connected to a source of power and a switching mechanism. The magnetic actuator has permanent magnets disposed inside each end of an elongated tubular shaft, which is reciprocatively received through the center section of the solenoid. The inward ends of the magnets are disposed in spaced apart relation to form a gap therebetween. The switching mechanism switches the magnetic polarity at the ends of the solenoid so as to alternatively repel and attract the permanent magnets to reciprocate the magnetic actuator. A controlling mechanism controls the switching mechanism.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/176,603 filed Jul. 5, 2011, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/832,928 filed Jul. 8, 2010.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

Not Applicable.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC

Not Applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A. Field of the Invention

The field of the present invention relates generally to reciprocating motors which utilize a drive mechanism to provide power to an output shaft or crankshaft. More particularly, the present invention relates to such motors in which the magnetic repelling and attracting forces of permanent magnets are utilized to reciprocate a magnetic actuator. Even more particularly, the present invention relates to such motors in which the change in direction of the actuator is obtained by utilizing an axially charged solenoid to alternatively repel or attract the actuator.

B. Background

Reciprocating piston-like actuating devices are commonly utilized as the power or drive mechanism in a wide variety of different types of devices to provide power that is utilized to rotate a flywheel or other object, operate a pump or other machine, displace a shell or other projectile and for other power uses. With regard to such devices that are utilized in reciprocating motors, these types of motors have been and continue to be used in virtually every available mode of transportation and for all types of power supply needs throughout the entire world. Generally, reciprocating motors have a piston slidably disposed in a cylinder and utilize a driving force to drive the piston in one or both directions inside the cylinder so as to rotate an output shaft, such as a crankshaft. The most commonly utilized reciprocating motor is an internal combustion engine. The typical internal combustion engine comprises a series of cylinders each having a piston reciprocating inside to drive a crankshaft in order to produce motion or power. Air and fuel are combined in the piston chamber, defined inside the cylinder by the top of the piston, and ignited by a spark from a spark plug to provide an explosive driving force that drives the piston downward. The fuel and air are fed into the piston chamber through an intake valve and, after combustion, exhaust air is forced out through an exhaust valve. To obtain proper performance of the fuel/air igniting sequence, the valve activating mechanism must open and close the intake and exhaust valves at the proper times. Due to relatively high engine operating speeds, this process happens at a very fast rate. Due to their extensive use, the internal combustion engine has been the subject of intensive efforts in the United States and most industrialized countries since the beginning of their utilization to improve the engine's operating characteristics. Despite these efforts, internal combustion engines are well known for relatively inefficient utilization of fuel, such as gasoline and other products made from oil, and being significant contributors to the air pollution problems that exist in most cities and towns. As such, the continued use of internal combustion engines is recognized by many persons as a significant draw on the Earth's limited natural resources and a substantial threat to human health.

Other types of reciprocating devices are also well known. For instance, electromagnetic reciprocating engines utilize electromagnetic force as the driving force to move the piston inside the cylinder and rotate the output shaft. A typical configuration for such engines comprises a plurality of electromagnets disposed around the cylinder that are actuated by electrical currents to provide the electromagnetic force necessary to drive the piston in a reciprocating motion in the cylinder. It is well known that this type of electromagnetic engine must have a somewhat large supply of electrical current to power the electromagnets and typically requires a complex control mechanism to provide the electrical current to the electromagnets in a manner required to operate the engine. For these and other practical reasons, electromagnetic reciprocating engines have generally not become very well accepted.

Another source of power that has been utilized to reciprocate a piston inside a cylinder is the magnetic energy stored in permanent magnets. As is well known, when the same polarity ends of two magnets are placed near each other the repulsion force of the two magnetic fields will repel the magnets and, conversely, when the opposite polarity ends of two magnets are placed near each other the attraction force of the magnetic fields will attract the magnets toward each other, assuming one or both of the magnets are allowed to move. A known advantage of utilizing permanent magnets as the driving force for a reciprocating motor is that the energy available from these magnets is relatively constant and capable of providing a long operating life. In order to use permanent magnets to reciprocally drive a piston inside a cylinder, however, a mechanism must be provided that first utilizes the advantage of dissimilar polarity to attract the piston to the permanent magnet and then utilize the advantage of similar polarity to drive the piston away from the permanent magnet. Naturally, this must be done in a very rapid manner at the proper time. The difficulties with being able to rapidly switch polarity when using permanent magnets, as opposed to electromagnetic force, has heretofore substantially limited the ability to utilize the advantages of permanent magnets as a driving force to reciprocate a piston in a cylinder so as to rotate an output shaft for the purposes of motion or the generation of electricity.

Over the years, various reciprocating devices that utilize permanent magnets as the driving force to reciprocate a piston or other actuating devices, to one extent or another, have been patented. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 3,676,719 to Pecci discloses a electromagnetic motor having an electromagnetic solenoid, located within a concentric counterbore, having a coil disposed about an inner sleeve and electromagnetic insulating end walls at the ends thereof. A ferrous metal core is slidably received in the inner sleeve and reciprocates in response to electromagnetic force to rotate a drive shaft. U.S. Pat. No. 3,811,058 to Kiniski discloses a reciprocating device comprising an open-bottomed cylinder having a piston made out of magnetic material, with a predetermined polarity, slidably disposed in the cylinder chamber. A disc rotatably mounted to the engine block below the cylinder has at least one permanent magnet, of like polarity, on the surface facing the open bottom of the cylinder such that the rotation of the disc periodically aligns the permanent magnet with the piston so the repulsive force therebetween causes the piston to reciprocate in the cylinder chamber. U.S. Pat. No. 3,967,146 to Howard discloses a magnetic motion conversion motor having permanent magnets arranged with like poles facing each other and a magnetic flux field suppressor disposed between the magnets for repeatedly causing a magnetic repelling and attracting action as it is moved into alignment between the like poles of the magnets. The magnets reciprocally drive piston rods connected to crankshafts that are connected to a common drive shaft, as the main output shaft. U.S. Pat. No. 4,317,058 to Blalock discloses an electromagnetic reciprocating engine having a nonferromagnetic cylinder with a permanent magnetic piston reciprocally disposed therein and an electromagnet disposed at the outer end of the cylinder. A switching device, interconnecting the electromagnet to an electrical power source, causes the electromagnet to create an electrical field that reciprocates the piston within the cylinder. U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,579 to Turner discloses a reciprocating piston electric motor having a magnetic piston slidably disposed in a nonmagnetic cylinder that has wire coils wrapped around the ends thereof that are electrically activated to reciprocate the piston inside the cylinder to drive a crankshaft connected to the piston by a piston rod. U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,349 to Gifford discloses a reciprocating electro-magnetic engine having fixed magnets mounted in the piston that intermittently attract and repel sequentially energized electromagnets that are radially mounted in the cylinder walls. A computerized control mechanism regulates the timing of the electromagnets to reciprocate the piston and drive a rotatable crankshaft. U.S. Pat. No. 6,552,450 to Harty, et al. discloses a reciprocating engine having a piston, which is reciprocally disposed in a cylinder, that is driven by opposing electromagnets connected with the piston and cylinder. A polarity switching mechanism switches polarity to reciprocate the piston. U.S. Pat. No. 7,557,473 to Butler discloses an electromagnetic reciprocating engine comprising an electromagnet with opposing magnetic poles disposed between permanent magnets mounted on either ends of a moving frame connected to a crankshaft. Magnetic attraction and repulsion forces are used to reciprocate the frame and rotate the crankshaft.

One of the major disadvantages associated with previously disclosed or presently available permanent magnet reciprocating motors is that mechanism for switching polarity to reciprocally drive the piston in the cylinder generally utilize one or more electromagnets, which use a switching mechanism interconnecting a power source with the electromagnets. A significant problem with the use of an electromagnet to reciprocate a piston to or away from a permanent magnet is that the force field of the permanent magnet is strongly attracted to the iron core of the electromagnet. This strong magnetic attraction force makes it very difficult, if not impossible, for the magnetic repelling force to overcome the attraction between the permanent magnet and the iron core, thereby eliminating the repel step (of the attract/repel action) that is necessary to reciprocate the piston in response to the magnetic switching. If the strong magnetic attraction between the permanent magnet and the iron core can be overcome, it requires an excessive amount of energy for the electromagnet. Other devices utilize an electric motor or other prime mover to rotate or pivot a member having the permanent magnets so as to periodically attract or repel magnets on the piston to provide the force necessary for reciprocating the piston. Naturally, the use of an external prime mover or the like substantially reduces the energy efficiency of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor and, therefore, one of the primary benefits of such motors. Another disadvantage that is associated with presently available magnetically actuated reciprocating motors is that the switching mechanisms are generally somewhat complicated and, as a result, are subject to malfunction or cessation of operation.

To function properly, a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor must comprise an number of appropriately sized, configured and engineered components that cooperate together to accomplish the desired work objective. The various components of a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor that are necessary include a crankshaft that connects a work object, such as a flywheel or the like, to rotatably drive the work object, an appropriately configured magnetic actuator that reciprocates in response to alternating or switching polarities to rotate the crankshaft, a connecting rod that interconnects the magnetic actuator and the crankshaft in a manner such that reciprocating motion of the magnetic actuator rotates the crankshaft and a magnetic drive mechanism that is configured to rapidly alternate or switch magnetic polarities so as to reciprocate the magnetic actuator. These components are selected and engineered in order to accomplish the power objectives of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor, such as vehicle motion, power generation, machine operation and the like. The magnetically actuated reciprocating motor can also be utilized to operate a pump, discharge a projectile and other such uses. With regard to pumps and the like, reciprocation of the magnetic actuator pressurizes or creates a vacuum, as is appropriate, to move a fluid from one location to another. With regard to devices configured fire or otherwise discharge a projectile, reciprocation of the magnetic actuator pressurizes a chamber to discharge the projectile.

What is needed, therefore, is an improved magnetically actuated reciprocating motor that has an improved mechanism for switching polarities so as to periodically attract and repel a piston-like magnetic actuator to reciprocally move the actuator and rotatably drive an output shaft. An improved reciprocating motor will not utilize iron core electromagnets to attract and repel the magnetic actuator toward or away from a permanent magnet so as to avoid excessive attraction between the permanent magnet and iron core. The reciprocating motor should not rely on a prime mover or the like to reciprocate permanent magnets from an attracting position to a repelling position so as to reciprocally drive a piston disposed in a cylinder. The preferred reciprocating motor should be simple to operate, require a limited number of moving components and be relatively inexpensive to manufacture. The preferred reciprocating motor should connect to a crankshaft or other output shaft to produce rotary power and be adaptable to a wide variety of reciprocating motor uses, including vehicle motion and power generation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of the present invention solves the problems and provides the benefits identified above. That is to say, the present invention discloses a new and improved reciprocating motor that utilizes a solenoid to provide electromagnetic force to reciprocatively move an elongated magnetic actuator having a permanent magnet disposed generally or near each of its ends, with the magnetic polarity of the electromagnetic force being alternated to reciprocate the magnetic actuator and drive an output shaft that is operatively connected to the magnetic actuator. The coil of the solenoid is wrapped around a nonferrous spool that is fixedly held in position. One or more shafts of the actuator linearly move inside the spool in response to one of the permanent magnets of the magnetic actuator being repelled by the solenoid while the other permanent magnet is being drawn toward the solenoid. The present magnetically actuated reciprocating motor does not utilize an electromagnet and, as a result, eliminates the problems associated with the permanent magnets being attracted to the iron core of the electromagnet, which is known to result in loss efficiency and, in some circumstances, even non-movement of the magnetic actuator. The solenoid rapidly alternates polarity to magnetically attract and repel the permanent magnets of the magnetic actuator to reciprocate the actuator and rotatably drive a crankshaft. The magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of the present invention does not rely on an external source of power, such as a prime mover or the like, to pivot, rotate or otherwise move the permanent magnets from an attracting position to a repelling position in order to reciprocally drive the magnetic actuator. The new reciprocating motor is relatively simple to operate, requires a limited number of moving components and is relatively inexpensive to manufacture. The magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of the present invention connects to a crankshaft in a manner so as to produce rotary power that is adaptable to a wide variety of reciprocating motor uses, including vehicle motion (whether by land, air or water), power generation, machine operation, pumps and the like.

In one general aspect of the present invention, the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor comprises a frame, a solenoid fixedly supported by the frame, a source of power electrically connected to the solenoid to energize the solenoid, a switching mechanism that electrically interconnects the source of power and solenoid, a magnetic actuator that reciprocates relative to the solenoid in response to the electromagnetic field of the solenoid, a mechanism operatively connected to the magnetic actuator for converting reciprocating movement of the magnetic actuator to rotate a work object, such as flywheel, attached to an output shaft and a mechanism that interconnects an output shaft with the switching mechanism for controlling operation and timing of the switching mechanism. In one embodiment, the frame defines a chamber and the solenoid is supported by the frame in the chamber. In another embodiment, the frame is a housing that substantially encloses the motor of the present invention. The solenoid has a first end, an opposite directed second end, a spool with a tubular center section disposed between its first end and second end and a coil of wire wrapped around the center section. The center section of the spool has a generally open center through which a portion of the magnetic actuator reciprocates. The spool is made out of one or more nonferromagnetic materials. Unlike electromagnets, the solenoid of the present invention does not have a ferromagnetic core. The solenoid is configured to have a first polarity at the first end and a second polarity at the second end in its first energized state and have the second polarity at the first end and the first polarity at the second end in its second energized state. The switching mechanism alternatively switches the solenoid between the first energized state and the second energized state. The magnetic actuator has an elongated shaft with a first end and a second end, a first permanent magnet at the first end of the shaft and a second permanent magnet at the second end of the shaft. The shaft is reciprocatively received in the open center of the coil. The first permanent magnet has an end disposed toward the first end of the solenoid that is magnetically charged with an actuator polarity that is one of the first polarity and the second polarity. The second permanent magnet has and end disposed toward the second end of the solenoid that is also magnetically charged with the actuator polarity. In a preferred embodiment, the mechanism for converting the reciprocating movement of the magnetic actuator to rotate the work object has a first output shaft and a second output shaft. In a preferred embodiment, the controlling mechanism for controlling the operation and timing of the switching mechanism is attached to the first output shaft. The flywheel or other work object can be attached to the second output shaft.

In one embodiment, the shaft has a tubular chamber, the first permanent magnet has a first extension member with an inward end extending into the tubular chamber from the first end of the shaft and the second permanent magnet has a second extension member with an inward end extending into the tubular chamber from the second end of the shaft. The inward end of the first extension member is disposed in spaced apart relation with the inward end of the second extension member to define a gap between the first extension member and the second extension member in the tubular chamber of the shaft.

In a preferred embodiment, the magnetic actuator has an elongated tubular shaft with one or more walls defining a tubular chamber between the first and second ends of the shaft. The first permanent magnet is disposed entirely inside the tubular chamber at the first end of the shaft and the second permanent magnet is disposed entirely inside the tubular chamber at the second end of the shaft. In this embodiment, both permanent magnets are at least substantially disposed entirely inside the tubular shaft, with a gap separating the second or inward end of the first permanent magnet and the first or inward end of the second permanent magnet. As with the above embodiments, the reverse magnetic switching that switches the polarity of the ends of the solenoid will reciprocatively drive the magnetic actuator to produce the desired work. This configuration has been found to improve the performance of the motor of the present invention.

In an alternative configuration of this embodiment, a center spacer is positioned in the gap between the first and second permanent magnets and a spacer at each end of the elongated tubular shaft, specifically between the first end of the first permanent magnet and the first end of the shaft and between the second end of the second permanent magnet and the second end of the shaft. The spacers are made out of nonferromagnetic material, such as stainless steel, aluminum, ceramic, carbon fiber, plastics, thermoplastic resins (such as nylon and polyfluroethylene), carbon composites and a variety of non-magnetic materials. The purpose of the spacers is to maintain the size of the gap between the first and second permanent magnets and to insure that neither the first nor the second permanent magnet move relative to each other and the shaft so as to maintain the desired magnetic flux properties.

In one embodiment, the controlling mechanism that controls the operation and timing of the switching mechanism is a cam attached to the first output shaft so as to rotate therewith. In another embodiment, the controlling mechanism is a split commutator having a pair of split disks and a pair of solid disks, with each of the disks being separated by a disk insulator. The switch that receives the input power from the source of power, such as a battery or the like, is operatively engaged with the solid disks and the switch that directs the output power to the solenoid is operatively engaged with the split disks. The rotation of the split and solid disks provides the desired reverse magnetic switching. In another embodiment, the controlling mechanism is an electronic drive assembly comprising a control unit operatively connected to a half bridge driver, bus transistor and user interface to transfer the electrical power from the source of power to the solenoid in a manner that provides the reverse magnetic switching that drives the magnetic actuator.

As stated above, the solenoid comprises a coil made up of a wire, preferably a copper wire with a thin enamel-based insulated covering, wrapped around the center section of the spool to provide, when energized, an axially charged electromagnetic field. The coil has a longitudinal axis, defined by the tubular-shaped center section having an open center through which the magnetic actuator reciprocates. The shaft of the magnetic actuator has a longitudinal axis that is in axial alignment with the longitudinal axis of the coil. In the preferred embodiment, the permanent magnets at each end of the shaft are axially aligned with the longitudinal axis of both the shaft and the coil. Each of the permanent magnets has an actuator polarity, which is the same for both magnets, that is axially directed toward the solenoid coil disposed between the two magnets. When the coil is energized, it produces opposite magnetic polarity, a first polarity and a second polarity, at the two ends of the solenoid. The polarity at each end of the solenoid is axially directed towards the actuator polarity of their respective opposing permanent magnet. In operation, the switching mechanism periodically switches the polarity at the ends of the solenoid to alternatively repel and attract the magnets at the ends of the magnetic actuator. As one permanent magnet is being attracted to its respective end of the solenoid, the other permanent magnet is being repelled by its respective end of the solenoid. This alternating repel and attract action reciprocates the magnetic actuator to operate the work objective, such as a flywheel, to obtain the desired work output for the motor. In the preferred embodiment, a cam, split commutator, electronic drive assembly or like controlling mechanism is connected to an output shaft and operatively interacts with the switching mechanism to provide the necessary timing for the reverse magnetic switching that reciprocatively drives the magnetic actuator and operates the motor. Other controlling mechanisms, which may or may not be operated by an output shaft, can be utilized to operate the switching mechanism and provide the reverse magnetic switching timing.

The crankshaft comprises one or more journal assemblies and at least one output shaft that is attached to or integral with one of the journal assemblies. Each of the journal assemblies has an elongated connecting rod journal with a first end, a second end and a crank pin axis therethrough, a first crank journal, a second crank journal, a first crank hip interconnecting the first end of the connecting rod journal and the first crank journal, and a second crank hip interconnecting the second end of the connecting rod journal and the second crank journal. The output shaft is operatively connected to one of the journal assemblies at either the first crank journal or the second crank journal thereof, with the output shaft defining a crankshaft axis therethrough. The journal assembly is configured to dispose the crank pin axis in spaced apart relation to the crankshaft axis and to allow the connecting rod journal to rotate around the crankshaft axis and rotate the output shaft. Typically the crank pin axis is parallel to the crankshaft axis. The output shaft is connected to a work object, such as a flywheel or the like, that is utilized to generate electricity, power a machine, operate a vehicle and other such uses. Each of the journal assemblies and the output shaft are made of a non-magnetic material that is selected so the crankshaft will not interfere with the operation of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, the crankshaft can be made out of a variety of nonferromagnetic materials, including stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, ceramic, carbon fiber, plastics, thermoplastic resins (such as nylon and polyfluroethylene), carbon composites and the like, that have sufficient strength and torsional properties to rotate the work object. In one configuration, the motor includes a magnetic actuator that reciprocates relative to a solenoid and the output shaft rotates a cam which operates a switching mechanism that switches the magnetic polarity at the ends of a solenoid to alternatively repel and attract permanent magnets associated with the magnetic actuator. The connecting rod is utilized to connect the magnetic actuator to the connecting rod journal of the crankshaft. The crankshaft is configured to convert the reciprocating motion of the magnetic actuator to rotate the output shaft and rotatably drive a work object that is attached to or integral with the output shaft to produce rotary power which is adaptable to a wide variety of reciprocating motor uses, including electrical generation, machine operation and vehicle motion.

Accordingly, the primary objective of the present invention is to provide a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor using reverse magnetic switching that provides the advantages discussed above and overcomes the disadvantages and limitations associated with presently available magnetically powered reciprocating motors.

It is also an important object of the present invention to provide a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor that utilizes electromagnetic force to reciprocate an elongated magnetic actuator having a permanent magnet at each end thereof to drive an output shaft and to generate electricity, propel a vehicle, drive a pump or for other motor uses.

It is also an important object of the present invention to provide a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor that utilizes electromagnetic force to alternatively attract and repel a pair of oppositely positioned permanent magnets mounted on a magnetic actuator that does not utilize an electromagnet so as to eliminate attraction between the permanent magnets and the iron core of the electromagnet.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor that utilizes a solenoid to provide electromagnetic force to reciprocatively drive a magnetic actuator having a shaft linearly disposed inside a nonferrous spool around which is wrapped the solenoid coil.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor that does not require utilization of a prime mover or the like to provide the magnetic switching necessary to magnetically reciprocate a magnetic actuator and drive an output shaft.

The above and other objectives of the present invention will be explained in greater detail by reference to the attached figures and the description of the preferred embodiment which follows. As set forth herein, the present invention resides in the novel features of form, construction, mode of operation and combination of processes presently described and understood by the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings which illustrate the preferred embodiments and the best modes presently contemplated for carrying out the present invention:

FIG. 1 is a side view of a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor configured according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional front view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 1 taken through line 2-2 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a top view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a side view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 1 shown without the housing;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional front view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 4 taken through line 5-5 of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a front view of a series of connected magnetically actuated reciprocating motors configured according to an embodiment of the present invention showing the motor through a complete cycle of operation with the permanent magnets positioned with the magnetic pole having a S polarity directed toward the axially charged electromagnetic field of the solenoid;

FIG. 7 is a front view of a series of connected magnetically actuated reciprocating motors configured according to an embodiment of the present invention showing the motor through a complete cycle of operation with the permanent magnets positioned with the magnetic pole having a N polarity directed toward the axially charged electromagnetic field of the solenoid;

FIG. 8 is a side view of one embodiment of the magnetic actuator and connecting rod connector utilized with the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional side view of the magnetic actuator and connecting rod connector of FIG. 8 taken through line 9-9 of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a side view of a first embodiment of the magnetic actuator utilized with the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional side view of the magnetic actuator of FIG. 10 taken through line 11-11 of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is an exploded side perspective view of the magnetic actuator of FIG. 10;

FIG. 13 is an exploded side perspective view of the solenoid utilized with the preferred embodiment of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a side view of the magnetic actuator and connecting rod assembly of the embodiment of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of the present invention shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 15 is an exploded side perspective view of the magnetic actuator and connecting rod assembly shown in FIG. 14;

FIG. 16 is a schematic of the electrical system for the solenoid used in a preferred embodiment of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of the present invention;

FIG. 17 is a side view of the preferred embodiment of the magnetic actuator utilized with the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional side view of the magnetic actuator of FIG. 17 taken through line 18-18 of FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 is an exploded side perspective view of the magnetic actuator of FIG. 17;

FIG. 20 is a side view split commutator controlling mechanism for use with the motor of the present invention shown mounted to the first output shaft with the switching mechanism mounted to stationary plates;

FIG. 21 is a front view of the split commutator controlling mechanism of FIG. 20 shown without the first output shaft;

FIG. 22 is a side view of the split commutator controlling mechanism and switching mechanism of FIG. 21 shown without the stationary plates;

FIG. 23 is a top perspective view of the split commutator controlling mechanism of FIG. 22 shown electrically coupled to the solenoid and source of power;

FIG. 24 is a schematic view of a electronic drive assembly controlling mechanism for use with the motor of the present invention;

FIG. 25 is a side perspective view of a crankshaft configured for use with a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor;

FIG. 26 is a side view of the crankshaft of FIG. 25;

FIG. 27 is an end view of the first end of the crankshaft of FIG. 25;

FIG. 28 is a top view of the crankshaft of FIG. 25;

FIG. 29 is a bottom view of the crankshaft of FIG. 25;

FIG. 30 is a side view of a connecting rod configured according to one embodiment for use with a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor;

FIG. 31 is a side perspective view of the connecting rod of FIG. 30;

FIG. 32 is top perspective view of a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor configured according to one embodiment of the present invention showing use of six cylinder assemblies mounted onto the housing or crankcase;

FIG. 33 is a top view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 32;

FIG. 34 is a front side view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 32;

FIG. 35 is a top perspective view of a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor configured according to an embodiment of the present invention showing use of a single cylinder assembly mounted onto the housing or crankcase;

FIG. 36 is a front side view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 35;

FIG. 37 is a right side view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 35;

FIG. 38 is a cross-sectional view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 36 taken through lines 38-38 thereof;

FIG. 39 is a cross-sectional view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 37 taken through lines 39-39 thereof;

FIG. 40 is a right side perspective view of the housing of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 35;

FIG. 41 is a left side perspective view of the housing of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 35;

FIG. 42 is a front view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 35 shown with the housing, flywheel and piston flange removed;

FIG. 43 is a top perspective view of the airflow housing of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 35;

FIG. 44 is a top plan view of the airflow housing of FIG. 43;

FIG. 45 is a side view of the airflow housing of FIG. 44;

FIG. 46 is a front view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 42 shown with the crankshaft and airflow housing removed;

FIG. 47 is a front view of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 42 with the airflow housing, coil and spool removed to particularly illustrate the oil seals used with the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 35;

FIG. 48 is a front view of the crankshaft, connecting rod, journal assembly and connecting pin of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 35;

FIG. 49 is a side view of the magnetic actuator utilized with the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor of FIG. 35 shown with the tubular member thereof in cross-section along its length to better illustrate the permanent magnets and the use of spacers with the magnetic actuator;

FIG. 50 is an exploded perspective view of the magnetic actuator of FIG. 40;

FIG. 51 is a side view of an alternative embodiment of the magnetic actuator of the present invention showing the use of a position securing mechanism to hold the permanent magnets and spacers in position relative to each other and the elongated shaft;

FIG. 52 is a cross-sectional side view of the magnetic actuator of FIG. 51 taken through lines 52-52 of FIG. 51;

FIG. 53 is an exploded perspective view of the magnetic actuator of FIG. 51;

FIG. 54 is a cross-sectional side view of the magnetic actuator of FIG. 52 shown without the use of a tubular member around the magnets and spacers;

FIG. 55 are side views of the first and second permanent magnets and the coil illustrating the magnetic flux patterns of each of these components when not acted upon by the other components;

FIG. 56 is a side view of a magnetic actuator disposed in the coil illustrating the combined magnetic flux pattern of the magnets when a sleeve or tubular member is not utilized therewith; and

FIG. 57 is a side view of a magnetic actuator disposed in the coil illustrating the combined magnetic flux pattern of the magnets when a sleeve or tubular member is utilized therewith to increase the flux density of the magnets.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

With reference to the figures where like elements have been given like numerical designations to facilitate the reader's understanding of the present invention, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are set forth below. The enclosed text and drawings are merely illustrative of preferred embodiments and only represent several possible ways of configuring the present invention. Although specific components, materials, configurations and uses are illustrated, it should be understood that a number of variations to the components and to the configuration of those components described herein and in the accompanying figures can be made without changing the scope and function of the invention set forth herein. For instance, the figures and description provided herein are primarily directed to a single motor, however, those skilled in the art will readily understand that this is merely for purposes of simplifying the present disclosure and that the present invention is not so limited as multiple motors may be utilized together to provide the desired work objective.

A magnetically actuated reciprocating motor that is manufactured out of the components and configured pursuant to preferred embodiments of the present invention is shown generally as 10 in the figures. As best shown in FIGS. 1 through 3, motor 10 of the present invention generally comprises a frame 12 defining a chamber 14 therein, an axially charged electromagnetic solenoid 16 fixedly supported by the frame 12, a piston-like magnetic actuator 18 reciprocally disposed through solenoid 16, a switching mechanism 20 configured to operate the solenoid 16, a source of power 22 (shown in FIG. 16) that supplies electrical power to the solenoid 16 and a reciprocating converting mechanism 24 that is connected to the magnetic actuator 18 to convert the reciprocating motion of the magnetic actuator 18 to operate a work object 26, such as the flywheel shown in the figures. As will be readily appreciated by persons skilled in the art, work object 26 can be connected to a pump, generator, vehicle or other mechanical device for accomplishing useful work.

As explained in more detail below, during operation of motor 10 the solenoid 16 is energized to provide an axially charged magnetic field with opposing magnetic poles at the opposite ends of solenoid 16 to magnetically repel or attract permanent magnets, identified as first permanent magnet 28 and second permanent magnet 30, on the magnetic actuator 18 to reciprocate the magnetic actuator 18 and rotate the work object 26. In a preferred embodiment, frame 12 is configured as a housing that substantially or entirely encloses the remaining components of motor 10 of the present invention. Unlike an internal combustion engine, however, it is not necessary that frame 12 be configured to provide a sealed, enclosed chamber 14, as no combustion gases or other pressure inducing mechanism is utilized in motor 10 to reciprocally move the magnetic actuator 18. Instead, motor 10 of the present invention utilizes the magnetic repelling and attracting force between the axially charged solenoid 16 and the permanent magnets 28/30 to reciprocate magnetic actuator 18 and drive the work object 26. Preferably, the frame 12, solenoid 16 and magnetic actuator 18 are cooperatively configured such that the travel of the magnetic actuator 18 in chamber 14 is accomplished with a minimum amount of friction to reduce loss of power produced by motor 10. Because motor 10 of the present invention does not utilize gasoline or other fossil fuel based energy sources for its operation, the motor 10 does not require the use of these limited resources or generate the polluting exhaust that is a well known problem of internal combustion engines.

Although frame 12 can have a solid wall and entirely enclose the other components of motor 10, as shown in FIGS. 1 through 3, this configuration is not necessary and, in fact, may not be preferred due to various weight and manufacturing cost considerations. The primary purpose of an enclosed frame 12 is for safety purposes, namely to avoid injury to persons or damage to other equipment that may come in contact with motor 10. If desired, magnetic actuator 18 and reciprocating converting mechanism 24 can be entirely exposed. The solenoid 16 and magnetic actuator 18 should be cooperatively configured so as to direct the movement of the magnetic actuator 18 in a generally linear direction so that as much force as possible is provided to the reciprocating converting mechanism 24 to operate work object 26 (i.e., rotate the flywheel). Because motor 10 of the present invention does not rely on the expansion of compressed gasses for the reciprocation of magnetic actuator 18, frame 12 can be configured in many different ways to accomplish the objectives of the present invention. For instance, in one embodiment frame 12 is configured in a generally open cage or sleeve-like configuration. Due to the magnetic forces generated by solenoid 16 and the permanent magnets 28/30, as set forth below, frame 12 should be made out of nonferromagnetic material, such as aluminum, ceramic, carbon fiber, plastics, thermoplastic resins (such as nylon and polyfluroethylene), carbon composites and a variety of non-magnetic materials. In one embodiment of the present invention, frame 12 is made out of Delrin®. As will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, frame 12 can be configured in a variety of different sizes and shapes, including having a generally round, square, rectangle or oval cross-section.

As stated above, the solenoid 16 of motor 10 is configured to provide an axially charged electromagnetic field that has poles with opposing polarities at the opposite ends thereof. Unlike prior art magnetically actuated electromagnetic motors, the solenoid 16 of motor 10 is not an electromagnet and does not have an iron or iron-based core. In cooperation with the switching mechanism 20 and the source of power 22, solenoid 16 is configured to alternatively magnetically attract and repel the permanent magnets 28/30 of the magnetic actuator 18 to cause the magnetic actuator 18 to reciprocate and operate the work object 26 so as to produce power, propel a vehicle or perform other useful work. The present inventor has found that the use of an electromagnet significantly reduces the ability of the magnetic actuator 18 to reciprocate due to the strong attraction that would exist between the permanent magnets 28/30 and the electromagnet's iron core, due primarily to the strong magnetic field of the permanent magnets 28/30 on the magnetic actuator 18. This strong attraction would either result in one of the permanent magnets 28/30 being fixedly attracted to the electromagnet, and therefore eliminate any chance of the magnetic actuator reciprocating, or require too much energy from the source of power 22 to overcome, thereby likely making the motor 10 too inefficient to be practical.

In a preferred embodiment, the solenoid 16 comprises a coil 32 that is formed of wire 34 that is wrapped around the tubular-shaped center section 36 of a spool 38 having a generally disk-shaped first end section 40 and a generally disk-shaped second end section 42, as best shown in FIGS. 10-13. The center section 36 of spool 38 defines a tubular-shaped open center 44 through which a portion of magnetic actuator 18 is received and reciprocates, as explained below, when magnetically acted upon by the solenoid 16 during operation of motor 10. The wire 34 of coil 32 is wrapped around center section 36 to provide the axially charged magnetic field that alternatively attracts and repels the permanent magnets 28/30 of the magnetic actuator 18. The coil 32 has a first wire end 46 and a second wire end 48, best shown in FIG. 13, that electrically connect to the source of power 22 via one or more switches of the switching mechanism 20, as shown in FIG. 16. The end sections 40/42 of the spool 38 are fixed relative to frame 12. In one embodiment, the end sections 40/42 are attached to, connected to or integral with the section of frame 12 that fixedly positions the solenoid 16 in motor 10. If desired, the frame 12 can be configured in a manner such that it only secures and encloses (whether fully or partially) solenoid 16, thereby leaving the magnetic actuator 18 exposed.

In a preferred embodiment, the wire 34 for coil 32 is an insulated electrically conductive copper wire, such as enamel coated magnet wire, that has a thin layer of insulated coating. The gauge and length of the wire to provide the desired electromagnetic field will need to be engineered for a specific application of motor 10. In one embodiment, the inventor has utilized approximately 144 feet of 24 gauge wire to provide approximately 22 layers of wire having approximately 76 turns per layer (for a total of 1,386 turns) around a center section 36 having an outside diameter of approximately 0.75 inches and a length of 1.50 inches. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, a wide variety of different combinations of wire sizes and coil configurations can be utilized for solenoid 16, with the larger gauges of wire 34 allowing more current, which is needed for large permanent magnets 28/30. Spool 38 of solenoid 16 should be made out of a nonferromagnetic material or be otherwise configured (i.e., with an appropriate coating or covering) so as to avoid interference with the magnetic field generated by the energized solenoid 16 and permanent magnets 28/30 of magnetic actuator 18. In a preferred embodiment, the spool 38 is made out of Delrin® or other thermoplastic material. In one embodiment, the spool 38 has an overall length of approximately 2.00 inches with end sections 40/42 thereof having a thickness of approximately 0.25 inches each and diameter of approximately 2.00 inches. In this embodiment, the center section 36 has an inside diameter of approximately 0.63 inches, which defines the open center 44 through which a portion of the magnetic actuator 18 is received and reciprocates in response to the alternating magnetic polarity at or near the first 40 and second 42 end sections of spool 38.

As set forth in more detail below, the switching mechanism 20 of motor 10 is configured to switch the polarity at the first end 50 and second end 52 of solenoid 16 in an alternating manner to provide a first energized state 54 and a second energized state 56, as illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. In the first energized state 54, first end 50 of solenoid 16 will have a first magnetic polarity 58 (shown as N) and the second end 52 of solenoid 16 will have a second magnetic polarity 60 (shown as S). In the second energized state 56, the first end 50 of solenoid 16 will be at the second magnetic polarity 60 and the second end 52 of solenoid 16 will be at the first magnetic polarity 58. Both permanent magnets 28/30 will be positioned such that the solenoid facing magnetic polarity, hereinafter referred to as the actuator polarity 61 (which will be one of 58 or 60), of one end thereof will be generally directed toward the first 50 and second 52 ends of solenoid 16. When switching mechanism 20 rapidly switches between the solenoid's first energized state 54 and its second energized state 56, the magnetic polarity at the ends 50/52 of solenoid 16 will be in corresponding relation (e.g., either the same as or opposite thereof) with actuator polarity 61 (whether 58 or 60) of the facing end of the permanent magnets 28/30 so as to magnetically attract and repel the permanent magnets 28/30 and reciprocate the magnetic actuator 18 relative to the solenoid 16, as shown in the sequence of operation in FIGS. 6 and 7. In FIG. 6 the actuator polarity 61 is S and in FIG. 7 the actuator polarity 61 is N. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, first magnetic polarity 58 and second magnetic polarity 60 can be opposite that described above as long as they are opposite each other (to attract or repel as required) and both permanent magnets 28/30 have the same actuator polarity 61 facing towards the ends of the solenoid 16.

As stated above, the magnetic actuator 18 of the present invention should be sized and configured to be cooperatively received through the solenoid 16 and the chamber 14 so as to reciprocate therein with a minimum amount of friction between it and the solenoid 16 and frame 12. In a preferred embodiment, the magnetic actuator 18 comprises an elongated tubular shaft 62 having the first permanent magnet 28 at the first end 64 thereof and the second permanent magnet 30 at the second end 66 thereof, as best shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. The shaft 62 interconnects the two permanent magnets 28/30 and maintains them in a desired spaced apart relation. The outside diameter of shaft 62 is sized and configured to be slidably received inside the open center 44 defined by the center section 36 of spool 38, as best shown in FIG. 9, so the magnetic actuator 18 may freely reciprocate relative to the solenoid 16 and operate the work object 26. The first permanent magnet 28 has a first end 68 and a second end 70 and second permanent magnet 30 has a first end 72 and a second end 74. The second end 70 of the first permanent magnet 28 is at the first end 64 of shaft 62 and the first end 72 of the second permanent magnet 30 is at the second end 66 of shaft 62. The permanent magnets 28/30 can attach to or otherwise connect with the shaft 62 as may be appropriate for the materials utilized for these components.

In one embodiment of the present invention, first permanent magnet 28 and second permanent magnet 30 are rare earth magnets, which are known for their improved magnetic performance and longevity. Rare earth magnets are known to provide the characteristics desired for the operation of reciprocating motor 10 of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the permanent magnets 28/30 are Grade N42 neodymium magnets (NdFeB), such as available from K&J Magnetics of Jamison, Pa., which are magnetically charged through their axis. Alternatively, other rare earth magnets, such as those known as samarium magnets (SmCo), may be utilized with the motor 10 of the present invention. Both the types of rare earth magnets identified above are at least generally adaptable to being manufactured in a variety of different sizes and shapes, are known to be generally corrosion and oxidation resistant and stable at higher temperatures. The shaft 62 of magnetic actuator 18 can be made out of wide variety of different materials. Although shaft 62 can be manufactured out of a nonferromagnetic material, including thermoplastic materials such as Delrin®, in the preferred embodiment the shaft 62 is manufactured from a ferrous material, such as case-hardened steel or the like. Utilizing a ferrous material for shaft 62 provides a magnetic advantage resulting from pulling the magnetic fields of the solenoid 16 and permanent magnets 28/30 inward toward the center of solenoid 16. Pulling these magnetic fields inward results in a stronger, more uniform magnetic pull/push effect over the stroke of the magnetic actuator 18, which improves the operation and output of the motor 10. Preferably, the shaft 62 is ground and finished to eliminate any irregular surfaces and provide a smooth exterior surface to reduce friction between the shaft 62 and the inside surface of the center section 36 of spool 38.

As with the solenoid 16, the permanent magnets 28/30 at the ends of shaft 62 are axially charged, not diametrically charged. To obtain the necessary attract and repel action of the magnetic actuator 18 in response to the alternating energized states 54/56 of the solenoid 16, the magnetic polarity at the second end 70 of first permanent magnet 28 and the magnetic polarity at the first end 72 of second permanent magnet 30 must both be the same (i.e., the actuator polarity 61 at both ends 70/72 should either be first polarity 58 or second polarity 60) so that one of the permanent magnets 28/30 will be attracted to its respective end 50/52 of solenoid 16 while the other permanent magnet 28/30 will be repelled by its respective end 50/52 of solenoid 16. For instance, in FIG. 6 the actuator polarity 61 is S and in FIG. 7 the actuator polarity is N. As shown in the second motor 10 from the left of the series of motors in FIGS. 6 and 7, with the solenoid 16 in the first energized state 54 the first permanent magnet 28 will be attracted to the solenoid 16 while the second permanent magnet 30 is being repelled by solenoid 16. As shown in the second motor 10 from the right of the series of motors in FIGS. 6 and 7, when the solenoid 16 is in its second energized state 56 the first permanent magnet 28 will be repelled by the solenoid 16 while second permanent magnet 30 is being attracted by solenoid 16. The switching of the polarity 58/60 of the ends 50/52 of solenoid 16, accomplished by switching mechanism 20, to alternate the solenoid 16 between its first 54 and second 56 energized states will reciprocate the magnetic actuator 18 relative to the fixed solenoid 16 (which is fixed by frame 12) to operate the work object 26, such as rotating a flywheel to generate electricity, propel a vehicle, pressurize a pump or accomplish a variety of other work objectives.

The shaft 62 can be a solid member or, as shown in FIGS. 9, 11-12 and 15, a hollow tubular member having an interior tubular chamber 76 defined by the inner wall or walls of shaft 62. In one embodiment, the tubular chamber 76 of shaft 62 aligns with the center aperture 78 of each of the first 28 and second 30 permanent magnets, as best shown in FIG. 9. In a preferred embodiment, the shaft 62 has a tubular chamber 76 at least at the first end 64 and second end 66 thereof and the permanent magnets 28/30 are solid and each as an extension member, shown as first extension member 80 for first permanent magnet 28 and second extension member 82 for second permanent magnet 30, that extend into the tubular chamber 76 at the ends 64/66 of shaft 62, as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. In this embodiment, the tubular chamber 76 at the first 64 and second 66 ends of shaft 62 are sized and configured to receive the first 80 and second 82 extension members, respectively. The extension members 80/82 may attach to, connect to or be made integral with their respective ends 70/72 of the first 28 and second 30 permanent magnets. The extension members 80/82 have the same polarity 58/60 as the ends 70/72. In the preferred embodiment, the first extension member 80 has an inward end 84 and the second extension member 82 has an inward end 86 that are inwardly disposed toward each other, namely the inward end 84 of the first extension member 80 is directed toward the inward end 86 of the second extension member 82, in such a manner as to define a gap 88 inside the tubular chamber 76 of shaft 62, as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. The inventor has found that the configuration with a gap 88 between the inward ends 84/86 of extension members 80/82 provides the best performance for this embodiment of motor 10 of the present invention. The length of the extension members 80/82 and the resulting length of gap 88 that provides the optimum performance a particular magnetically actuated reciprocating motor 10 will likely depend on the various characteristics, including size and strength, of the permanent magnets 28/30 and the magnetic field of solenoid 16. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, these components and the gap 88 will be engineered, structured and arranged so as to accomplish the desired results for motor 10. In an alternative embodiment (which is not shown in the figures), the two extension members 80/82 can extend completely toward each other, such that there is no gap 88, or the magnets 28/30 can even be a single piece.

As set forth above, the magnetic actuator 18 operatively connects to the reciprocating converting mechanism 24 for converting the linear reciprocating movement of magnetic actuator 18 to rotate work object 26 and accomplish the desired work objectives. In the embodiment shown in many of the figures, the first end 68 of first permanent magnet 28 corresponds to the first end of magnetic actuator 18 and the second end 74 of second permanent magnet 30 corresponds to the second end of magnetic actuator 18. The second end 74 of the magnetic actuator 18 attaches to reciprocating converting mechanism 24, as best shown in FIGS. 1-9 and 14-15. In the embodiment shown in the figures, the reciprocating converting mechanism 24 utilized with the motor 10 of the present invention generally comprises a piston/crankshaft arrangement having a connecting rod connector 90, connecting rod 92 (best shown in FIGS. 4, 6-7 and 30-31) and crankshaft 94 (best shown in FIGS. 25-29). The connecting rod connector 90 shown in the figures is a pivot bracket that is attached to or integral with the second end of the magnetic actuator 18 (which, as set forth above, corresponds to the second end 74 of the second permanent magnet 30). A connecting pin 96 is received in a connecting aperture 98 at the first end 100 of connecting rod 92 in a manner which allows the connecting rod 92 to pivot relative to the magnetic actuator 18. The second end 102 of the connecting rod 92 comprises a clamp member 104 that attaches to or is integral with the crankshaft 94. In one embodiment, the connecting rod 92 comprises one or more element apertures 105 at the second end 102 thereof, such as the two shown in FIG. 31, that are each sized and configured to receive an appropriately selected connecting element, such as bolt, screw or like device (not shown in the figures), therein to securely attach the clamp member 104 to the main portion of the connecting rod 92 and define the crank pin aperture 107, as best shown in FIGS. 14-15 and 30-31. One or more components of connecting rod 92, generally configured as described above, may be integrally molded by forging or casting as a whole, or may be manufactured by joining the various components together to form connecting rod 92. For use with magnetically actuated reciprocating motor 10, such as described herein, the connecting rod 92 is manufactured out of nonferromagnetic material, such as stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, ceramic, carbon fiber, plastics, thermoplastic resins (such as nylon and polyfluroethylene), carbon composites and a variety of other non-magnetic materials. In one embodiment, connecting rod 92 is made out of stainless steel.

The crankshaft 94 has first output shaft 106 at a first end 176 thereof and a second output shaft 108 at a second end 178 thereof, as best shown in FIGS. 2, 3, 5 and 26-29. In one embodiment of motor 10, the first output shaft 106 supports or attaches to a controlling mechanism, shown generally as 110, for controlling the timing/operation of the switching mechanism 20 to change the solenoid between its first magnetic state 54 and its second magnetic state 56 to reciprocate the magnetic actuator 18. In this embodiment, the second output shaft 108 connects to and rotates work object 26. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, appropriate bushings bearings, nuts and other devices must be utilized to secure work object 26 to second output shaft 108 such that the rotation of second output shaft 108, resulting from the rotation of crankshaft 94 due to the reciprocating motion of connecting rod 92 connected to magnetic actuator 18, rotates work object 26 as necessary to ensure the function and useful life of motor 10 of the present invention. As also known to those skilled in the art, various other configurations are suitable for use as reciprocating converting mechanism 24 for converting the linear reciprocating motion of the magnetic actuator 18 to the desired rotary motion of work object 26 (e.g., the flywheel shown in the figures).

As set forth above, first output shaft 106 of crankshaft 94 connects to the controlling mechanism 110 that is utilized to control the timing of the reverse magnetic switching of solenoid 16 necessary to obtain the reciprocating motion of the magnetic actuator 18. The interaction between controlling mechanism 110 and switching mechanism 20 provides the magnetic switching that reverses the polarity of the ends 50/52 of solenoid 16 directed towards the actuator polarity 61 of the second end 70 of the first permanent magnet 28 and the actuator polarity 61 of the first end 72 of the second permanent magnet 30. In one embodiment of reciprocating motor 10 of the present invention, the controlling mechanism 110 is a cam 112 that rotates with the first output shaft 106 to operate, as appropriate, switching mechanism 20 to provide the reverse polarity operation necessary to reciprocate magnetic actuator 18. Because controlling mechanism 110 connects directly to the first output shaft 106 of crankshaft 94, no external energy source or prime mover is necessary to provide the polarity reversing that is essential to all magnetically actuated reciprocating motors, including reciprocating motor 10 of the present invention. As the cam 112 reciprocates, it operatively contacts the switching mechanism 20 to rapidly switch the solenoid 16 between its first energized state 54 and its second energized state 56.

The crankshaft 94 of the present invention is best shown in FIGS. 25 through 29. As shown, the crankshaft 94 comprises crank pin or connecting rod journal 180, crank webs or hips 182/184, main or crank journals 186/188, output shafts 106/108 and counterweights 190/192. The connecting rod journal 180, having a crank pin axis 193 (as shown in FIG. 26), connects to connecting rod 92. In the embodiment shown in the figures, the connecting rod journal 180 is received in the crank pin aperture 107 in connecting rod 92 that is formed by clamp member 104 at the second end 102 of the connecting rod 92, as best shown in FIGS. 14-15 and 30-31, to interconnect the crankshaft 94 with the magnetic actuator 18. As best shown in FIGS. 25 and 26, the first crank hip 182 interconnects the first end 194 of the connecting rod journal 180 and the first crank journal 186 and the second crank hip 184 interconnects the second end 196 of the connecting rod journal 180 and the second crank journal 188. The crank hips 182/184 are configured so as to dispose and maintain the crank pin axis 193 of the connecting rod journal 180 in spaced apart, non-axial relation to the crankshaft axis 198, typically parallel thereto, that extends through the elongated output shafts 106/108, as shown in FIG. 26. Attached to or integral with the first crank journal 186 is first counterweight 190 and attached to or integral with the second crank journal 188 is second counterweight 192. As best shown in FIGS. 25 and 26, counterweights 190/192 are disposed on the opposite sides of the crankshaft axis 198 from the connecting rod journal 180 so as to facilitate rotation of the output shafts 106/108. As will be readily appreciated by persons skilled in the art, reciprocation of the magnetic actuator 18 resulting from the magnetic forces between the magnetic actuator 18 and solenoid 16 causes the connecting rod journal 180 to rotate around the crankshaft axis 198 to rotate the output shafts 106/108 of crankshaft 94. The rotation of the output shafts 106/108 rotates the work object 26 and cam 112. As will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art, despite being shown with two output shafts 106/108, crankshaft 94 may have only one of the output shafts 106/108.

One or more components of crankshaft 94, generally configured as described above, may be integrally molded by forging or casting as a whole, or may be manufactured by joining the various components together to form crankshaft 94. For use with magnetically actuated reciprocating motor 10, such as described herein, the crankshaft 94 is manufactured out of nonferromagnetic material, such as stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, ceramic, carbon fiber, plastics, thermoplastic resins (such as nylon and polyfluroethylene), carbon composites and a variety of non-magnetic materials. In one embodiment, crankshaft 94 is made out of stainless steel.

The crankshaft 94 may be configured with one or more journal assemblies 200, each of which will comprise one connecting rod journal 180, a pair of crank hips 182/184, a pair of crank journals 186/188 and a pair of counterweights 190/192, to connect with one or more magnetic actuators 18 (usually a like number). One or more output shafts 106/108 will extend from the first 176 and/or second 178 ends of the crankshaft 94. Typically, a crankshaft 94 will have one journal assembly 200 for each magnetic actuator 18, as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, with a connecting rod 92 interconnecting each set of magnetic actuators 18 and connecting rod journals 180.

In one embodiment of motor 10, the source of power 22 provides direct current to the coil 32 of the solenoid 16 to energize the solenoid 16 and produce the electromagnetic field that provides the alternating first polarity 58 and the second polarity 60 at the first 50 and second 53 ends of the solenoid 16. Preferably, first wire end 46 and second wire end 48 connect, via the switching mechanism 20, to a rechargeable battery (as the source of power 22). The rechargeable battery can be charged by the generation of electricity from motor 12 and/or other sources (e.g., A/C power, solar, wind and etc.). The switching mechanism 20 utilizes a pair of single pull double throw switches, shown as 114 and 116 on FIG. 16, that are activated by the movement of the cam 112 to produce a two stroke magnetic force motor 10. The reverse magnetic switching of the axially charged solenoid 16 operates in conjunction with the axially charged permanent magnets 28/30 to reciprocate the magnetic actuator 18 and rotate the work object 24 that is utilized, as described above, to accomplish a work objective. An on/off switch 118 is used to initiate or cease operation of motor 10.

As best shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the magnetic actuator 18 defines a reciprocating support structure for the permanent magnets 28/30 at the opposite ends thereof. The frame 12 fixedly supports the solenoid 16, which produces an axially charged electromagnetic field when energized by the source of power 22 via the switching mechanism 20. The permanent magnets 28/30 each direct a common actuator polarity 61, such as north (N) or south (S), towards the solenoid 16 that is fixedly positioned between the reciprocating permanent magnets 28/30 at the opposite ends 64/66 of the shaft 62 that interconnects the permanent magnets 28/30. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, in one embodiment the actuator polarity 61 of the permanent magnets 28/30 that is directed toward the solenoid 16 is a first polarity N and in another embodiment the actuator polarity 61 of the permanent magnets 28/30 that is directed toward the solenoid 16 is S. Although whether actuator polarity 61 of the permanent magnets 28/30 is N or S is not specifically important, it is important that their magnet polarity be the same and be fixed in either a N or S orientation so that the switching mechanism 20 can provide the reverse magnetic switching that reciprocates the magnetic actuator 18 and operates the work object 22 to provide the desired work objective.

In the embodiment of motor 10 shown in FIGS. 17 through 19 the shaft 62 comprises a tubular member 75 having interior tubular chamber 76 defined by the inside surface of the one or more walls 77 of shaft 62, as best shown in FIG. 19. In this embodiment, the permanent magnets 28/30 are solid and disposed entirely or at least substantially inside the tubular chamber 76 of shaft 62, as shown in FIG. 18. In effect, this embodiment replaces or combines the extension members 80/82 with the permanent magnets 28/30 such that there is little or no substantial amount of the permanent magnets 28/30 extending beyond the ends 64/66, respectively, of the shaft 62. Tubular chamber 76, at least towards the first 64 and second 66 ends of shaft 62, is sized and configured to receive the first permanent magnet 28 and second permanent magnet 30, respectively. The second end 70 of the first permanent magnet 28 has the same polarity 58/60, which will be the actuator polarity 61, as the first end 72 of the second permanent magnet 30. The first end 68 of the first permanent magnet 28 has the same polarity 58/60 as the second end 74 of the second permanent magnet 30. The inward end 84 of the first permanent magnet 28, which was the inward end 84 of the first extension member 80 in the embodiment of FIGS. 11 and 12, is directed toward and in spaced apart relation to the inward end 86 of the second permanent magnet 30, which was the inward end 86 of the second extension member 82 in the embodiment of FIGS. 11 and 12, so as to define the gap 88 inside the tubular chamber 76 of shaft 62. The inventor has found that this configuration provides the best performance for motor 10 of the present invention. The length of permanent magnets 28/30 inside shaft 62 and the resulting length of gap 88 that provides the optimum performance for motor 10 will likely depend on the various characteristics, including size and strength, of the permanent magnets 28/30 and the magnetic field of the solenoid 16. The magnetic actuator 18 of this embodiment eliminates the cost and weight of having the larger-sized permanent magnets 28/30 positioned at the ends 64/66, and extending outwardly therefrom, of shaft 62 of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 10 through 12. The inventor has found that the positioning of permanent magnets 28/30 substantially entirely inside the shaft 62, at or near the ends 64/66 thereof, provides improved performance for motor 10 at lower cost.

In the embodiment described above, cam 112 is utilized as the controlling mechanism 110 that controls the operation and timing of the reverse magnetic switching, by reversing the polarity of the ends 50/52 of the solenoid 16, required to reciprocate the magnetic actuator 18. In an alternative embodiment, the controlling mechanism 110 is a commutator, such as the split commutator 120 shown in FIGS. 20 through 23. As with the cam 112, split commutator 120 is mounted or attached to first output shaft 106, as shown in FIG. 20, so as to rotate therewith in response to the reciprocation of magnetic actuator 18 and operatively engaged with switching mechanism 20 to provide the reverse magnetic switching that reverses the polarity of the ends 50/52 of solenoid 16. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 20 and 21, the switching mechanism 20 is mounted or otherwise attached to a switch mounting plate 122 that is mounted, attached or integral with a flywheel mounting plate 124, which in one embodiment is fixedly mounted to the frame 12. The controlling mechanism 110 rotates with first output shaft 106, which rotates as a result of the reciprocation of the magnetic actuator 18 and the reciprocating converting mechanism 24, in relation to the switching mechanism 20 on the stationary mounting plates 122/124. The rotation of the controlling mechanism 110, in cooperative engagement with the switching mechanism 20, provides the reverse magnetic switching. In the embodiment shown, the first output shaft 106 is received through the center opening 126, best shown in FIGS. 21 and 23, through the center of split commutator 120 and the split commutator 120 includes a first clamp mechanism 128 and a second clamp mechanism 130 on opposite sides of the split commutator 120, as best shown in FIGS. 20 and 22, that clamps onto, or otherwise engages, the first output shaft 106.

The split commutator 120 of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 20 through 23 comprises a pair of split disks 132, shown as first split disk 132 a and 132 b, and a pair of solid disks 134, shown as first solid disk 134 a and second solid disk 134 b, that are separated by disk insulators 136, shown as 136 a, 136 b and 136 c in FIGS. 22 and 23. A first end insulator 138 separates the first split disk 132 a from the first clamp mechanism 128 and a second end insulator 140 separates the second solid disk 134 b from the second clamp mechanism 130, as best shown in FIG. 22. Each of the split disks 132 a/132 b have a split section 142 on each side of split commutator 120 with a split insulator 144 disposed therein to separate the ends of the split disks 132 a/132 b. In one embodiment, both the split disks 136 and solid disks 138 are made out of copper. As well known in the art, a variety of other electrical conducting materials can be utilized for disks 136/138. Likewise, a variety of insulating materials, including those set forth above, can be utilized for disk insulators 136, first end insulator 138, second end insulator 140 and split insulators 144. Mounting brackets 146 and 148, best shown in FIG. 23, mount the switches 114/116, respectively, to the switch mounting plate 122.

The magnetic polarity relationships and electrical connections that are associated with split commutator 120 are best shown in FIGS. 22 and 23. FIG. 22 shows one embodiment of the relationship between the magnetic polarities of the split disks 132 and the solid disks 134. FIG. 23 shows the electrical current input to split commutator 120 from the source of power 22, such as a battery, to SPDT switch 114 and the electrical current output to the solenoid 16, which provides the magnetic switching to reciprocatively drive the magnetic actuator 18 that rotates output shafts 106/108.

In another alternative embodiment, the controlling mechanism 110 is a electronic drive assembly 150, with an exemplary schematic therefor shown in FIG. 24. As with the other controlling mechanisms 110 described herein, the electronic drive assembly 150 is configured to receive electrical power from the source of power 22 and transfer it to the solenoid 16 in a manner that provides the reverse magnetic switching required to reciprocatively drive the magnetic actuator 18. A control unit 152, wirelessly or wire connected to a bus transistor 154 for data interface to the control unit 152 and a user interface 156 for a front panel controller VFD/LED, is configured with a microprocessor or the like to provide the data processing and like operations that control the electronic drive assembly 150. The control unit 152 cooperatively engages a half bridge driver 158, comprising an electronic circuit that enables voltage to be applied across a load in either direction, and receives and processes electronic signals from an input sensor 160 and an output sensor 162 that are used to control half-bridge driver 158, as shown in FIG. 24. Control unit 152 communicates with half bridge driver 158 either wirelessly or with a wired connection. In one embodiment, half bridge driver 158 is an inverter that converts DC power to AC power. Electronic drive assembly 150 also comprises appropriately configured capacitor 164, diodes 166 and transistors 168, such as insulated-gate bipolar transistors or IGBTs that are known for high efficiency and fast switching. The exemplary electronic drive assembly 150 described above is utilized in place of the previously described split commutator 120. One advantage of the electronic drive assembly 150 over the split commutator 120 is that the electronic drive assembly 150 eliminates sparking, which represents loss of energy that could otherwise be utilized in a system to provide the desired work output.

As set forth above, the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor 10 of the present invention can be manufactured in a wide variety of different configurations for a wide variety different uses. The embodiment of FIGS. 32 through 34 show a reciprocating motor 10 configured with a plurality of cylinder assemblies 220 that are mounted onto a crankcase or housing 222 (which acts as frame 12 described above) that is configured to rotatably support crankshaft 94 in the chamber 14 so as to rotate the crankshaft 94 and operatively drive a work object 26, such as a flywheel or the like, that could be mounted onto the mounting flange 224 at one end (i.e., the front end 226) of the reciprocating motor 10. Although the crankshaft 94 is shown as generally flush with the housing 222 at the back end 228 of reciprocating motor 10 in FIGS. 32-35, those persons who are skilled in the art will readily appreciate that a shaft could extend therefrom and be configured to rotatably engage a second work object, such as a flywheel or the like. As also will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, the work object 26 could be a propellor, pulley or a wide variety of other components that can then be utilized to produce useful work. As set forth in more detail below, FIGS. 32 through 34 also show the use of an airflow housing 230 to generally enclose the magnetic actuator 18, coil 32 and spool 38 and a piston flange 232 that interconnects the housing 222 and the spool 38 and covers the piston hinge or connecting rod connector 90 and a portion of the connecting rod 92. The six cylinder assemblies 220 utilized in the reciprocating motor 10 of FIGS. 32 through 34 are structured and arranged so as to operate together and provide the desired amount of work energy to accomplish the various work objectives of the particular reciprocating motor 10.

An embodiment of the reciprocating motor 10 having only a single cylinder assembly 220 is shown in FIGS. 35 through 40. As with the six-cylinder embodiment, this embodiment has cylinder assembly 220 connected to the housing 222 by the piston flange 232, with the cylinder assembly 220 configured so as to rotate the crankshaft 94 and rotatably drive the work object 26, which is shown as a flywheel. In this embodiment, housing 222 has a housing mounting flange 234, which may be attached to or integral with housing 222, for mounting the reciprocating motor 10 to a floor, frame or other structure. The reciprocating motor 10 of this embodiment can include oil seals, such as the first side seal 236 and second side seal 238, as best shown in FIGS. 35, 37 and 39, that sealably enclose chamber 14 while allowing the crankshaft 94 to rotate relative to the housing 222. In this manner, oil or any one of a variety of lubricating/cooling substances can be utilized in chamber 14 to lubricate and cool the various rotating components disposed in the housing 222 that, by way of their operation, generate heat from friction. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, a variety of different configurations and types of seals can be utilized for side seals 236/238. In one embodiment, the oil system is of the type where the crankshaft 94 passes through the oil or other fluid in the chamber 14 and the oil splashes up on the other parts that can benefit from the lubricating/cooling from the oil, such as the connecting rod 92, connecting rod connector 90 and magnetic actuator 18, as well as lubricating the components associated with the crankshaft 94, such as the first journal bearing 240 and second journal bearing 242, which are best shown in FIGS. 39, 42, 47 and 48. If desired, the reciprocating motor 10 can include an internal or external oil pump to pressurize the oil (or other fluid) to the various moving components. Any such oil pump will need to be engineered to provide the desired functional capabilities desired and/or needed to provide the optimum performance for reciprocating motor 10 and the life of the components utilized therewith.

The first 240 and second 242 journal bearings are utilized to rotatably support the crankshaft 94 as it rotates inside the chamber 14 as a result of the reciprocation of magnetic actuator 18 in response to the reverse magnetic switching provided at the coil 32 (though not shown in FIGS. 35-39, wires will connect coil 32 to the source of electricity and to the encoder/controller). As will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, instead of journal bearings 240 and 242, the bearings can be of virtually any type of bearing, including flat, ball, tapered, roller and needle bearings, that can allow the rotation of crankshaft 94 relative to housing 222 with as little friction as possible or practical. These journal bearings 240/242 will need to be engineered so as to be selected on the basis that can best achieve the desired result.

The piston guide 232 is utilized as a guide for the connecting rod connector 90 (or piston hinge) to assist in keeping the connecting rod 92 straight as it reciprocates due to the reciprocation of the magnetic actuator 18 so it will transfer as much rotational energy to the crankshaft 94 as possible. Although the piston guide 232 shown in FIGS. 35 through 39 is shown as having a round cross-section, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the piston guide 232 can be configured in a variety of different configurations. The piston guide 232 should be structured and arranged in cooperation with the connecting rod 92 and other components to prevent pressure to the front and back sides of the magnetic actuator 18 so as to reduce wear and prevent the loss of power due to friction. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 35 through 39, the lower or first end 244 of the piston flange 232 is attached to the housing 222 and the upper or second end 246 of the piston flange 232 is attached to the second end 52 of the solenoid 16 (which corresponds to the second end section 42 of the spool 38) so as to support the solenoid 16 and allow the magnetic actuator 18 to reciprocate through the open center 44 of the spool 38.

The embodiments of the reciprocating motor 10 shown in FIGS. 32 through 39 also utilize a cooling system 248 that is configured to cool the coil 32 of the solenoid 16 due to the amount of heat that is generated during operation of reciprocating motor 10. In a preferred embodiment, the cooling system 248 is an air cooled system that draws cool air in and discharges air out through one or more airflow apertures 250 in the airflow housing 230. As best shown in FIGS. 35-37 and 43-45, in one embodiment the airflow apertures 250 are positioned in the end wall 252 of the airflow housing 230. As shown in these figures, the lower or first end 254 of the airflow housing 230 is mounted to the spool 38 and the end wall 252 is at the upper or second end 256 of the airflow housing 230. The airflow housing 230 has one or more sidewalls 258, depending on the shape of the airflow housing 230, that defines an airflow chamber 260 through which air passes from or to the airflow apertures 250. Positioned just below the coil 32 is a plenum chamber 262, shown in FIGS. 38 and 39, that receives cool air from the airflow chamber 260, through the spool apertures 263 (best shown in FIG. 35) in the second end section 42 of the spool 38, to direct the cool air to the coil 32 and receives hot air from the coil 32 discharges that hot air to the airflow chamber 260 through the spool apertures 263 so it may be discharged out to the atmosphere through the airflow apertures 250 in end wall 252. During its down stroke, for the upright embodiment shown in FIGS. 35-39, ambient air is sucked into the airflow chamber 260 and pushed into the plenum chamber 262 to discharge cool air over the coil 32. During the up stroke, the hot air is sucked out from around the coil 32 and passes through the plenum chamber 262 into the airflow chamber 260 to flow out the airflow apertures 250 to the atmosphere. As such, the cooling system 248 draws cool air in and discharges hot air out to cool the coil 32. The magnetic actuator 18 reciprocates inside the center compartment 264 of the airflow housing 130. One or more center seals 266 seals the intersection between the tubular member 75 of the magnetic actuator 18 and the center compartment 264, as best shown in FIGS. 38 and 39. In an alternative embodiment, the cooling system 248 of reciprocating motor 10 has an electric fan or the like cooling apparatus that is positioned and configured to blow cool air over coil 32 for additional cooling. In another alternative embodiment, the cooling system 248 utilizes a liquid cooling agent instead of ambient air to cool the coil 32. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, liquid cooling agents are generally more manageable, provide more efficient cooling and achieve lower operating temperatures compared to ambient air.

The housing 222 should be made out of nonferromagnetic material, such as stainless steel, aluminum, ceramic, carbon fiber, plastics, thermoplastic resins (such as nylon and polyfluroethylene), carbon composites and a variety of non-magnetic materials. In one embodiment of the present invention, housing 222 is made out of Delrin® or the like. As best shown in FIGS. 40 and 41, the housing 222 has an appropriately configured flange 268, which may be attached to or integral with the housing 222, to which the first end 244 of the piston flange 232 attaches. The sidewall 270 has an appropriately configured opening 272 that is configured to allow one end of the crankshaft 94 to extend therethrough and to provide a seat for second side seal 238. The sidewall 274 has an appropriately configured opening 276 that is configured to allow the opposite end of crankshaft 94, which has the work object 26 attached thereto in the figures, to extend therethrough and to provide a seat for first side seal 236.

An alternative embodiment of the magnetic actuator 18 that is utilized with the reciprocating motor of FIGS. 32 through 39 is shown in FIGS. 49 through 54. As with a previously described embodiment of the magnetic actuator 18, the magnetic actuator 18 is configured as a shaft 62 having first end 64 and a second end 66, with the shaft 62 being a tubular member 75. Inside the tubular member 75 is a first permanent magnet 28 generally towards the first end 64 of shaft 62 and a second permanent magnet 30 towards the second end 66 of shaft 62. In the previously described embodiment, first end 68 of the first permanent magnet 28 is substantially at or near the first end 64 of the shaft 62, the second end 74 of the second permanent magnet is substantially at or near the second end 66 of the shaft 62 an the second end 70 of the first magnet 28 is in spaced apart relation to the first end 72 of the second permanent magnet 30 so as to result in a gap 88 (shown in FIGS. 18, 50 and 52-54) between the first 28 and the second 30 permanent magnets. In the previously described embodiment, the gap 88 is empty space. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 49, the magnetic actuator 18 comprises a series of spacers, namely a first spacer 278 at the first end 64 of the shaft 62, a second spacer 280 at the second end 66 of the shaft 62 and a center spacer 282 in the gap 88 between the two permanent magnets 28/30. The spacers 278/280/282 should be made out of nonferromagnetic material, such as stainless steel, aluminum, ceramic, carbon fiber, plastics, thermoplastic resins (such as nylon and polyfluroethylene), carbon composites and a variety of non-magnetic materials.

The purpose of first spacer 278 and second spacer 280 in the embodiments of FIGS. 49 through 53 is to secure the permanent magnets 28/30 inside the tubular member 75 or, in the embodiment of FIG. 54, to hold the permanent magnets 28/30 in position together. As will be readily appreciated by persons who are skilled in the art, it is important to maintain the position of the permanent magnets 28/30 relative to each other and, in the embodiment with tubular member 75, inside tubular member 28/230. The magnetic actuator 18 and the solenoid 16 are engineered to be in cooperative magnetic force field relationship with each other to produce a constant magnetic flux. Even minute movement of the permanent magnets 28/30 could negatively impact the desired magnetic flux patterns. Due to the rapid reciprocation of the magnetic actuator 18 in the reciprocating motor 10 of the present invention, which can be at speeds of twenty-one feet per second or greater, there is likely to be a tendency for one or more of the permanent magnets 28/30 to move or, in a worst case scenario, fly out of the tubular member 28/30 or otherwise fly apart, which would damage the motor 10 and potentially cause serious injuries. To prevent such problems, first 278 and second 280 spacers are securely positioned at the ends 64/66 of the tubular member 75. A wide variety of position securing mechanisms can be utilized to secure the spacers 278/280 inside the tubular member 75, including use of cooperatively threaded members, use of an adhesive, use of attachment devices such as screws, pins, bolts and the like through the sidewall of tubular member 75 into the spacers 278/280, specially shaped interior dimensions of the tubular member 75 and a variety of other mechanisms. The purpose of center spacer 282 is to maintain the spacing of the gap 88 between the second end 70 of the first permanent magnet 28 and the first end 72 of the second permanent magnet 30. As will be readily appreciated by persons skilled in the art, the size of gap 88 will significantly affect, depending on the various attributes of the other components such as permanent magnets 28/30 and tubular member 75, the various magnetic flux patterns and, as a result, the performance of the motor 10 of the present invention. As set forth above, the positioning of the permanent magnets 28/30 and the size of the gap 88 between the permanent magnets 28/30 will be engineered to produce certain operational characteristics and performance objectives for motor 10. Unintended changes to the position of the permanent magnets 28/30 and size of gap 889 are very likely to undermine or seriously affect these characteristics and objectives.

An example of one such position securing mechanism 284 is shown in FIGS. 52 through 54. In these embodiments, the position securing mechanism 284 comprises an elongated rod member 286, having first end 288 and second end 290, and one or more securing devices, such as first securing device 292 at the first end 288 of rod member 286 and second securing device 294 at the second end 290 of rod member 286. In this embodiment, the rod member 286 is threaded at both ends 288/290, rod member 286 is inserted through the aligned center openings 295 of the magnets 28/30 and spacers 278/280/282 and the securing devices 292/294 are threadably attached to the ends 288/290 to effectively clamp the permanent magnets 28/30, first spacer 278, second spacer 280 and center spacer 282 together inside, in the embodiment of FIG. 51 through FIG. 53. If desired, adhesives and/or other devices can also be utilized to further fixedly secure these elements inside the tubular member 75. Alternatively, or in addition to the above, these elements can be sized such that they, as a unit by use of position securing mechanism 284, tightly fit inside tubular member 75.

The embodiment of FIG. 54 shows magnetic actuator 18 configured without the use of tubular member 75. Instead, as shown in FIG. 54, magnetic actuator 18 comprises the permanent magnets 28/30, end spacers 278/280 and center spacer 282 clamped together using the position securing mechanism 284 described above to form the magnetic actuator 18 that reciprocates through the open center 44 of coil 32 to drive work object 26. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, the outside diameter of these components will have to be carefully formed so the magnetic actuator 18 of this embodiment will move smoothly through the open center 44. One advantage of the configuration of FIG. 54 is that the magnetic actuator 18 is likely to be easier and less expensive to manufacture. As set forth below, however, the use of tubular member 75 is generally preferred due to the improved magnetic flux patterns that result from the use of the ferromagnetic tubular member 75.

FIGS. 55 through 57 show various magnetic flux patterns that affect or result from the configuration of the motor 10 of the present invention. FIG. 55 shows the magnetic flux patterns of the individual magnetic components of the motor 10 when they are not affected by the other magnetic components. In this figure, the coil 32 is shown energized, by way of the source of electrical power 22, to produce a coil flux pattern 296 that extends outwardly from the center of the coil 32. As also shown in FIG. 55, the first permanent magnet 28 produces a first magnet flux pattern 298 and the second permanent magnet 30 produces a second magnet flux pattern 300, also extending outwardly from the center of the respective permanent magnets 28/30. FIG. 56 shows the magnetic actuator 18 comprising use of permanent magnets 28/30, with center spacer 282 disposed therebetween, without the tubular member 75. The resulting combined magnet flux pattern is shown as 302 in FIG. 56. FIG. 57 shows this same configuration for the permanent magnets 28/30 and center spacer 282 but with the use of the tubular member 75. As shown in FIG. 57, the resulting combined magnet flux pattern 302 is somewhat flattened by the use of the tubular member 75, which results in an increased magnetic flux density. This increased magnetic flux density of the magnet flux pattern 302 of FIG. 57 provides for increased magnetic strength and provides a magnetic force that is continuous, or at least substantially continuous, along the entire magnetic actuator 18. This extends the distance of travel for the magnetic actuator 18 and increases the amount of work which can be done for each reciprocation of the magnetic actuator 18.

The output shafts 106/108 of the crankshaft 94 can be utilized to drive an oil pump that is utilized to pressurize the oil in chamber 14, to drive a distributor to product electricity, connect to other reciprocating motors 10 to produce power in series or use a Lovejoy coupler (or the like) to rotatably power a wide variety of machines, devices, apparatuses and the like. In a motor vehicle, the flywheel 26 can drive a torque converter to power the transmission and drive the wheels, provide power for an air compressor or fan or to power a variety of other power assemblies. One or both of the output shafts 106/108 can be used for these purposes. For an airplane, the work object 26 attached to the first output shaft 106 can be a flange (such as the mounting flange 224) instead of a flywheel that is configured to connect to a propellor. The second output shaft 108 can drive an alternator to provide electrical power for the airplane. For use to power a generator, the first 106 and/or second 108 output shafts can connect directly to the generator using a coupling (such as a Lovejoy coupling), flange or other appropriate device. Alternatively, the generator can be integrally formed with one of the output shafts 106/108 of the reciprocating motor 10, such that the output shaft 106/108 is the rotary shaft of the generator. Although this type of configuration may have limitations with regard to the need to service either or both of the reciprocating motor 10 and the generator, in some circumstances it may be beneficial to have the integral connection. In one test configuration, the inventor has developed a single cylinder assembly reciprocating motor 10, as described herein, that is approximately twenty-nine inches tall, twelve inches wide and fifteen inches long (shaft end to shaft end) that could be capable of producing approximately 80 hp.

In use, the periodic switching of first polarity 58 and second polarity 60 at the ends 50/52 of solenoid 16 produce an axially charged electromagnetic field toward the first end 70 of the first permanent magnet 28 and toward the second end 72 of the second permanent magnet 30 which will alternatively repel and attract the permanent magnets 28/30 to reciprocate the magnetic actuator 18 relative to the solenoid 16 and frame 12 (which fixedly supports the solenoid 16 and crankshaft 94). Prior to the coil 32 being energized by the source of power 22, the magnetic actuator 18 will be laying on the inside wall of the coil 32 (when magnetic actuator 18 in a horizontal position) due to gravity. When the coil is energized, the magnetic actuator 18 will “float” inside the open center 44 of the coil 32, eliminating torque on the shaft 62 of the magnetic actuator 18. In one embodiment, the reciprocation of the magnetic actuator 18 will, by way of the connecting rod 92, rotatably drive the crankshaft 94, which rotatably engages the controlling mechanism 110 at first output shaft 106 of crankshaft 94 to operate the switching mechanism 20 that provides the timing necessary for the reverse magnetic switching of the solenoid 16 and to rotate the work object 26 at or connected to the second output shaft 108. In this embodiment, the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor 10 of the present invention does not require any external power source or prime mover to provide the necessary polarity shifting for reciprocation of the magnetic actuator 18, thereby making the present motor more efficient and useful for obtaining a work output, such as to operate a pump, generator or vehicle. Use of the reciprocating motor 10 of the present invention eliminates the energy demands and pollution associated with presently available reciprocating motors. As will be readily appreciated by those persons skilled in the art, the various components of the magnetically actuated reciprocating motor 10 described above, can be utilized to convert an existing internal combustion engine into a magnetically actuated reciprocating motor 10 by replacing the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine with a magnetic environment chamber to achieve the various benefits of the present invention.

While there are shown and described herein one or more specific forms of the invention, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not so limited, but is susceptible to various modifications and rearrangements in design and materials without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In particular, it should be noted that the present invention is subject to modification with regard to any dimensional relationships set forth herein and modifications in assembly, materials, size, shape, and use. For instance, there are numerous components described herein that can be replaced with equivalent functioning components to accomplish the objectives of the present invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A magnetically actuated reciprocating motor, comprising: a housing enclosing a chamber; a piston flange on said housing; a solenoid fixedly supported by said piston flange, said solenoid having a first end, an opposite directed second end and an axially disposed open center extending between said first end and said second end of said solenoid, said solenoid configured to have a first polarity at said first end and a second polarity at said second end in a first energized state and said second polarity at said first end and said first polarity at said second end in a second energized state; an elongated magnetic actuator structured and arranged to reciprocate relative to said solenoid, said magnetic actuator having a first permanent magnet and a second permanent magnet that are sized and configured to be axially disposed in and reciprocally received through said open center of said solenoid, said first permanent magnet having an inward end magnetically charged with an actuator polarity that is one of said first polarity and said second polarity, said second permanent magnet having an inward end magnetically charged with said actuator polarity, said inward end of said first permanent magnet in spaced apart relation with said inward end of said second permanent magnet to define a gap between said first permanent magnet and said second permanent magnet; a source of power electrically connected to said solenoid to electromagnetically energize said solenoid; and switching means electrically interconnecting said source of power and said solenoid for alternatively switching said solenoid between said first energized state and said second energized state.
 2. The reciprocating motor according to claim 1, wherein said solenoid comprises a spool having a coil of a wire wrapped around a center section, said center section defining said open center said spool of said solenoid made from one or more nonferromagnetic materials with no ferromagnetic core.
 3. The reciprocating motor according to claim 1 further comprising converting means operatively connected to said magnetic actuator for converting reciprocating movement of said magnetic actuator to operate a work object.
 4. The reciprocating motor according to claim 3, wherein said converting means comprises at least a first output shaft and said converting means is configured to rotate said first output shaft.
 5. The reciprocating motor according to claim 4, wherein said converting means comprises a connecting rod having a first end and a second end and a crankshaft defining said first output shaft and a second output shaft, said first end of said connecting rod pivotally attached to said magnetic actuator, said second end of said connecting rod attached to said crankshaft and configured to rotate said crankshaft, said second output shaft connected to said work object so as to rotate said work object.
 6. The reciprocating motor according to claim 1 further comprising controlling means operatively engaged with said switching means for controlling said switching means so as to switch said solenoid between said first energized state and said second energized state to reciprocatively drive said magnetic actuator relative to said solenoid.
 7. The reciprocating motor according to claim 6, wherein said controlling means is a cam.
 8. The reciprocating motor according to claim 6, wherein said controlling means is a commutator.
 9. The reciprocating motor according to claim 6, wherein said controlling means is an electronic drive assembly.
 10. The reciprocating motor according to claim 1 further comprising a center spacer disposed in said gap between said first permanent magnet and said second permanent magnet.
 11. The reciprocating motor according to claim 1 further comprising position securing means interconnecting said first permanent magnet and said second permanent magnet for securing said first permanent magnet relative to said second permanent magnet so as to maintain said gap and prevent relative movement between said first permanent magnet and said second permanent magnet.
 12. A magnetically actuated reciprocating motor, comprising: a housing enclosing a chamber; a piston flange on said housing; a solenoid fixedly supported by said piston flange, said solenoid having a first end, an opposite directed second end and an axially disposed open center extending between said first end and said second end of said solenoid, said solenoid configured to have a first polarity at said first end and a second polarity at said second end in a first energized state and said second polarity at said first end and said first polarity at said second end in a second energized state; a magnetic actuator structured and arranged to reciprocate relative to said solenoid, said magnetic actuator having an elongated shaft with one or more walls defining a tubular chamber between a first end and a second end of said shaft, a first permanent magnet disposed inside said tubular chamber at said first end of said shaft and a second permanent magnet disposed inside said tubular chamber at said second end of said shaft, said shaft sized and configured to be axially disposed in and reciprocally received through said open center of said solenoid, said first permanent magnet having an inward end disposed inwardly into said tubular chamber that is magnetically charged with an actuator polarity that is one of said first polarity and said second polarity, said second permanent magnet having an inward end disposed inwardly into said tubular chamber that is magnetically charged with said actuator polarity, said inward end of said first permanent magnet in spaced apart relation with said inward end of said second permanent magnet to define a gap between said first permanent magnet and said second permanent magnet in said tubular chamber of said shaft; a source of power electrically connected to said solenoid to electromagnetically energize said solenoid; and switching means electrically interconnecting said source of power and said solenoid for alternatively switching said solenoid between said first energized state and said second energized state.
 13. The reciprocating motor according to claim 12 further comprising controlling means operatively engaged with said switching means for controlling said switching means so as to switch said solenoid between said first energized state and said second energized state to reciprocatively drive said magnetic actuator relative to said solenoid.
 14. The reciprocating motor according to claim 12 further comprising converting means operatively connected to said magnetic actuator for converting reciprocating movement of said magnetic actuator to operate a work object.
 15. The reciprocating motor according to claim 15, wherein said converting means comprises a connecting rod having a first end and a second end and a crankshaft defining a first output shaft and a second output shaft, said first end of said connecting rod pivotally attached to said magnetic actuator, said second end of said connecting rod attached to said crankshaft and configured to rotate said crankshaft, said second output shaft connected to said work object so as to rotate said work object.
 16. The reciprocating motor according to claim 12 further comprising a center spacer disposed in said gap between said first permanent magnet and said second permanent magnet.
 17. The reciprocating motor according to claim 16 further comprising a first spacer at said first end of said shaft and a second spacer at said second end of said shaft.
 18. The reciprocating motor according to claim 17 further comprising position securing means interconnecting said first permanent magnet and said second permanent magnet for securing said first permanent magnet relative to said second permanent magnet so as to maintain said gap and prevent relative movement between said first permanent magnet and said second permanent magnet.
 19. A magnetically actuated reciprocating motor, comprising: a frame; a solenoid fixedly supported by said frame, said solenoid having a first end, an opposite directed second end, a center section between said first end and said second end and a coil of wire wrapped around said center section, said center section having a generally open center therethrough, said solenoid configured to have a first polarity at said first end and a second polarity at said second end in a first energized state and said second polarity at said first end and said first polarity at said second end in a second energized state; a magnetic actuator structured and arranged to reciprocate relative to said solenoid, said magnetic actuator having an elongated shaft with one or more walls defining a tubular chamber between a first end and a second end of said shaft, a first permanent magnet disposed inside said tubular chamber at said first end of said shaft and a second permanent magnet disposed inside said tubular chamber at said second end of said shaft, said shaft sized and configured to be axially disposed in and reciprocally received through said open center of said solenoid, said first permanent magnet having an inward end disposed inwardly into said tubular chamber that is magnetically charged with an actuator polarity that is one of said first polarity and said second polarity, said second permanent magnet having an inward end disposed inwardly into said tubular chamber that is magnetically charged with said actuator polarity, said inward end of said first permanent magnet in spaced apart relation with said inward end of said second permanent magnet to define a gap between said first permanent magnet and said second permanent magnet in said tubular chamber of said shaft; means operatively interconnecting said magnetic actuator and a work object for converting reciprocating movement of said magnetic actuator to rotating movement so as to rotate said work object, said converting means comprising at least one output shaft operatively connected to said magnetic actuator so as to rotate as a result of the reciprocative movement of said magnetic actuator; a source of power configured to electromagnetically energize said solenoid; switching means electrically interconnecting said source of power and said solenoid for alternatively switching said solenoid between said first energized state and said second energized state; and controlling means operatively engaged with said switching means for controlling the operation and timing of said switching means so as to switch said solenoid between said first energized state and said second energized state to reciprocatively drive said magnetic actuator relative to said solenoid.
 20. The reciprocating motor according to claim 19, wherein said controlling means comprises at least one of a cam, a commutator and an electronic drive assembly. 